The first part of the article provides a brief overview of the history of the collection of Arabic manuscripts at the Leiden University Library. Special attention is paid to the work of J. Golius (1596-1667), L. Varner (1619-1665), and J.-J. Reiske (1716-1774) in completing and studying the collection. The second part lists the most important handwritten works on the history of the Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517). An anonymous collection of letters is considered in more detail, a significant part of which is the diplomatic correspondence of the sultans of Egypt with the Emir of Karaman 'Ala ad-Din' Ali at the end of the XIV century, the autobiography of Abd ar-Rahman al-Sahawi (1427-1497), which, along with other information, includes the correspondence of the scientist with representatives of the political elite of Egypt, including including with Sultan Kaitbey (1468-1496), as well as three models about events witnessed by al-Sahawi himself; biographical dictionary of Zain ad-Din Muhammad al-Qusuni (1562-after 1634) - biographies of prominent Egyptians of the XV-XVI centuries., works on military affairs and treatises on Furusiya (horsemanship).

Keywords: Arabic manuscripts, Leiden University Library, Mamluk Sultanate, history, culture.

ARABIC SOURCES ON HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE MAMLUK SULTANATE IN THE LEIDEN COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS

The article starts with a short review of history of the collection of the Arab manuscripts at the Leiden University Library. The special attention is paid to Yacob Golius (1596-1667), Levinus Warner (1619-1665), Johann-Jacob Reiske (1716-1774) and their contribution to the studying of Arabic manuscripts in Leiden. The most significant hand-written compositions on history of the Mamluk Sultanate are listed. The article looks closer at little-known sources on history and culture of the Mamluk Sultanate. These sources include the anonymous collection of letters, including diplomatic correspondence between the sultans of Egypt and emirs of Karaman in the end of the fourteenth century. Remarkable is 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sakhawi (1427-1497) autobiography. Along with various materials, it includes correspondence between al-Sakhawi and the sultan Qaitbey (1468-1496), as well as three makamas about eventsw witnessed by al-Sakhwvi. Treatises on furusiya and some other rare sources on Mamluk history and culture are characterized.

Keywords: Arabic manuscripts, Leiden University Library, Mamluk Sultanate, history, culture.

Milana ILYUSHINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor of the National Research University "Higher School of Economics", St. Petersburg, Russia miliushina@hse.ru.

Milana ILIUSHINA - PhD (in History), Professor, Higher School of Economy, Sankt-Petersburg, miliushina@hse.ru.

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The first Oriental manuscripts appeared at the University of Leiden (founded in 1574) already at the very beginning of the XVII century. Most of them belonged to J. J. Scaliger (1540-1609), an encyclopedist, philologist, expert in antiquity, who spoke Arabic and Hebrew in addition to Latin and ancient Greek. he founded the Department of Arabic at the University and made a significant contribution to the development of Arabic studies in the Netherlands. After the scientist's death, his collection of Oriental manuscripts got into the university library and was kept in a special cabinet. Other Oriental manuscripts were later placed in this" Scaliger cabinet".

The need to establish a special department of Oriental manuscripts, their systematization and accounting became obvious after the library received in 1629 the manuscripts collected by Jacob Golius (1596-1667), who gave the first in Europe, according to I. Y. Krachkovsky, "a very serious experience in the widely conceived processing of the Arabic national dictionary in Latin"1 [Krachkovsky, 1955, p. 319]. The Lexicon... was compiled by J. Golius on the basis of the dictionary of al-Jawhari (d. about 1000) and retained its meaning for almost two centuries, until 1837, when the Lexicon Arabico-Latinum by G. V. Freytag (1788-1861) was published [Levinus Warner..., 1970, p. 5In 1669, J. Golius published the text and Latin translation of the work of 'Abu-l-'Abbas 'Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Qasir al-Farghani (IX century)" Collection of knowledge about the stars and celestial movements " 2, which became an outstanding phenomenon in the science of that time 3 [Ancient and medieval..., 1960]. J. Golius not only taught mathematics, but also founded the first observatory in Leiden (Brugman and Schroder, 1979, p. 19).

In 1622-1624. Jakob Golius visited Morocco as part of a diplomatic mission. There he acquired several manuscripts, including the biographical dictionary of Ibn Khallikan (1211-1282), the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), as well as those manuscripts that are now among the oldest in the Leiden Oriental collection, such as one of the earliest works on medicine in Andalusia, Al-Musta'ini fi-t-tibb "4 Ibn Ishaq Ibn Baklarish al-Isra'ili (d. 1106). Al-Isra'ili presented his work on medicines to the ruler of Zaragoza 'Abu Ja'far' Ahmad al-Musta'in (1081-1085), hence the name - "Musta'in's [book] on medicine".

The Leiden manuscript is one of six copies of Kitab al-Musta'ini known to the scientific community (five others are kept in Rabat, Tunis, Madrid, Dublin and Naples). 101 leaves of this large-format manuscript (30.5 cm high) date from approximately the first half of the 13th century, the rest were added (restored) later, most likely in the early 17th century. The original binding, as is often the case, did not survive, and the manuscript was bound again in Leiden (Brugman and Schroder, 1979, p. 18). Help Ya. Golius was assisted in acquiring the manuscripts by 'Ahmad b. Qasim al-Andalusi (1540 - after 1640), who held an influential position at the court of Moroccan rulers, who was acquainted with the professor of Arabic in Leiden, T. Erpenius (1584-1624). He also seems to have restored the above-mentioned medical treatise.

In 1629, the manuscripts (more than two hundred items in total) collected by J. Golius in North Africa, Aleppo and Constantinople were transferred to the Leiden University Library [Witkam, 2008, p. 75-94].

1 Jacobi Golii. Lexicon arabico-latinum contextum ex probatioribus orienlis lexicographis. Lugduni Batavorum, 1653.

2

3 Jacob Golius. Muhammcdis fil. Ketiri Ferganensis, qui vulgo Alfraganus dicitur. tlcmcnta astronomica, Arabicc et Latina. Amstelodami, 1669.

4

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Levinus Varner (1619-1665), a gifted scholar and successful diplomat who studied Arabic under the guidance of J. Golius, made a significant contribution to the manuscript collection. His collection is one of the largest in Leiden [Brugman and Schroder, 1979, p. II, 4, 19-20; Inventory, 2007, Vol. 1, p. 11-12]. L. Varner entered the University of Leiden in 1638, and six years later, in 1644, left for Turkey. In 1648, he was offered a professorship at the University of Leiden, but L. Varner asked permission to travel to Syria first. After receiving 300 florins for expenses, he set out on his journey. He was so fascinated by the trip that he decided to stay in the East. In 1654, Warner was appointed official representative of the Netherlands in Istanbul and found himself in a very difficult situation, because just at that time Dutch ships participated in the military operations of Venice against the Ottoman Empire. Several times he received a demand from the High Porte to compensate for the losses suffered by the Turks as a result of attacks by Dutch sailors, and, finally, in 1663, he was imprisoned. It took several months, with the help of traders from the Netherlands, to raise the necessary amount for his release.

During his stay in the East, L. Varner used all his strength and resources to acquire manuscripts. Two days before his death, he made a will, according to which his collection, numbering more than a thousand items of storage, was transferred to the Leiden University Library. Varner's manuscripts were brought to the Netherlands from Istanbul, where the scientist died. The last cargo arrived in 1669 [Levinus Warner..., 1970, p. 5-6, 10, 16].

In 1729, it was decided to create a special department for L. Varner's manuscripts in the Leiden Library. The first curator of the Varner collection was Albert Schultens (1686-1750). He worked on the publication of texts of the works of al-Hariri (1054-1122), Abu'l-Fida (1273-1331), Hamza al-Isfahani (X century, d. between 961 and 971), an-Nuwayri (1279-1332), at-Tabari (838-923), al-Mas'udi (d. in 956), presented in the Legati Warneriani, he paid special attention to sources on the history and poetry of pre-Islamic Arabia. After the death of A. Schultens, the post of curator of the collection was taken by his son, and a few years later - by his grandson. At the beginning of the 19th century, a new impetus was given to the development of Arabic studies in the Netherlands by H. A. Hamaker (1789-1835), who provided detailed descriptions of several Leiden manuscripts. The work on cataloging the manuscripts was continued by H. A. Hamaker's student, H. E. Weyers, who served as curator of the Legati Warneriani from 1835 to 1844. The materials of the collection formed the basis of his dissertation on the work of the Arab-Spanish poet Ibn Zaydun (d. 1070). Until 1861, the work with the collection of L. Varner was supervised by Theodore Yeinball (1802-1861). He prepared for publication the work of Ibn Taghri Bardi (1409/1411-1469/1470) "Bright stars...", dedicated to the history of Egypt. The most detailed part of this multi-volume work is presented during the reign of the Mamluk sultans-contemporaries of Ibn Taghri Bardi. Later, based on the text published in Leiden, the American arabist W. Popper published a translation of several parts of this chronicle into English. In the middle of the 19th century, work began on compiling a new catalog of Oriental manuscripts in the Leiden Library [Brugman and Schroder, 1979, p. 27, 35; Levinus Warner..., 1970, p. 25-26].

The Leiden manuscript collection attracted scholars from all over Europe. Johann Jakob Reiske (1716-1774), a German philologist and one of the most prominent Hellenists of the eighteenth century, worked here for eight years. He became interested in learning Arabic and, after reading all the books printed in Arabic by that time, began searching for manuscripts. "Having reached Leiden, of course on foot, he... Not only did I reread it, but

5 Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, officially the Republic of the Seven United Lowlands (1581-1795).

page 22
and he copied a whole library of Arabic manuscripts, mainly historical and poetic " (Krachkovsky, 1955, p. 126). These were mostly Legati Warneriani manuscripts. In 1796, 31 Arabic manuscripts, copied by I. J. Reiske in Leiden, became the property of the Copenhagen Library. Most of them are important for the history of science rather than for the study of sources. But one of the manuscripts has a special value, since the Leiden original, copied by I.-J. Reiske, was seriously damaged after the correspondence was completed. These are the commentaries of Muhammad b. Habib al-Hashimi (d. 860) on the diwan of Jarir b. Atiyya; the poems of ash-Shanfara and al-Sukkari (d. 888).6. A copy of I.-J. Reiske makes it possible to restore lost text fragments [Perho, 2007, p. XXIV].

The history of the Mamluk period is represented in the Leyden Collection by the works of the greatest Arab scholars of the 13th-16th centuries: Abu'l-Fida, al - ' Umari (1301-1348 / 1349), al-Maqrizi (1364-1442), al-'Aini (1361-1451), al-'Asqalani (1372-1449), Ibn Taghri Birdi, Al-Sahawi (1427-1497), al-Suyuti (1445-1505), Ibn Iyas (1448-1524), as well as Sibta ibn al-Jawzi (1185-1256), al-Zahabi (d. 1347), al-Safadi (1297-1363), Ibn Qasir (1301-1373 / 1374) and other encyclopedists and scholars. biographers.

Among the little-known sources on the history and culture of the Mamluk period is an anonymous collection of letters and documents compiled in the XIV century.7 The first part of the book contains texts of messages that can most likely be attributed to the reign of Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (1299-1309; 1309-1340) and his heirs. Only one text has a date placed at the very beginning of the collection - 10 Ramadan 792 AH (l. Za), which corresponds to April 27, 1303. One of the last letters of the first part of the book contains a mention of the death of Sultan al-Kamil (1345-1346) and the accession to the throne of al-Muzaffar Haji (1346-1347) (l. 72a), which suggests that the epistle was written in 1346. The entire first part of the collection occupies 90 pages, written in a very fluent, hurried handwriting without vocalizations and often without diacritics. Basically, these are templates of appeals to the Sultan's office - ready-made texts for various occasions, in which you just need to insert the necessary names. Several letters contain information about events, such as military operations in the Sis area (l. 64a, 71a, 80b). The above-mentioned epistle (l. 72a-72b) states that the Mamluks of Damascus received news of the accession of a new sultan, but "rumors spread that the matter was still unresolved, since not one of the descendants of an-Nasir remained"8, and therefore it was deemed necessary to send the Emir to Cairo in order to obtain reliable information about what was happening, which is what the Sultan's deputy in Syria informs the Sultan about.

Pages 91a-92b contain copies of Timur's famous epistle (1370-1405), sent to the Mamluk Sultan Barkuk (1382-1389; 1390-1399), and the Sultan's reply to this epistle, written very carefully and legibly, with diacritical marks and vocalizations. The text of both letters (with some variations) is available in the main Arabic sources for the corresponding period9.

The second part of the book, a kind of introduction to which, apparently, the letters of Timur and Barkuk mentioned above can be considered, occupies pages 93a-121a. It was probably written down later than the first one: the beginning and end of each subsequent letter are slightly more intricate, the handwriting is a steady, measured verse, although diacritics are still often absent. The content of the second part consists of copies of letters sent on behalf of the Mamluk Sultans of Barkuk and

6 Det Kongelige Bibliotck. Cod. Arab. 250.

7 Or. 1052.

8 of Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad, mentioned above.

9 See, for example, (44-45.

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Al-Mansur (1389-1390) to 'Ala ad-Din Beg (1381-1390) of the Karamanid dynasty. The messages provide an insight into the development of relations between the two states during a complex and very dynamic period associated with the beginning of the gradual advance of the Ottomans to the borders of the Mamluk Sultanate. Arab chroniclers of this period focus on the struggle for power between Barkuk, the founder of the Circassian" dynasty " of the Mamluks, and his opponents, supporters of the Kalaunids, who were in power for more than a hundred years (from 1280 to 1382), and only casually mention the situation that developed in the Karamanid regions separating the Ottoman and Mamluk possessions. There is every reason to assume that the manuscript collection from the Leiden Collection is a valuable and rare source for studying the prehistory of the Ottoman-Mamluk confrontation and diplomatic contacts between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Karamanid Emirate.

In the second half of the 19th century, the Leiden Library received a copy of the autobiography of ' Abd ar-Rahman al-Sahawi (1427-1497) .10 The second known list of this work, entitled "The Guide of the Wanderer and even what will make the Thirsty and thirst-quenching person Happy in learning the Life of Al-Sahawi", is kept in the Hagia Sophia Library in Istanbul. Al-Sahawi is one of the greatest Egyptian historians of the 15th century, and he wrote a large (about 12,000 biographies) biographical dictionary "Shining Light..." 12. The last volume of this work is dedicated to outstanding women of the 9th century Hijra [Sievert, 2003, S. 6; Little, 1998, p. 438-440, 443]. In addition to a large biographical dictionary, al-Sahawi wrote a continuation of the history of al-Zahabi, covering the events of 1344-1493.13 Al-Sahawi owns one of the largest in volume and most complete in content treatises devoted to historical science proper. 14 In it, historical disciplines are considered as a field of religious knowledge. A collection of hadiths about archery compiled by al-Sahawi is known [Brockelmann, 1902, p. 34-35]. The manuscript of this work, dated 1482, is kept in the Asiatic Museum (Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in St. Petersburg (A 399 (799)) [Arabic Manuscripts..., 1986, p. 493].

In the" Guide of the Wandering...", al-Sahawi, along with other information, placed his correspondence with both scientists and representatives of the political elite of Egypt, including Sultan Kaitbey (1468-1496), as well as three maqams about the events that he witnessed. It is likely that the published text of the Guide of the Wandering One will soon become available: Ahmad 'Abdallah al-Hassu has been working on the study of the Leiden and Istanbul manuscripts for the past few years, 16 in addition, there is information about the publication of al-Sahawi's autobiography in Kuwait.17
Among the later sources on the history and culture of the Mamluk Sultanate is the biographical dictionary of Zain al-Din Muhammad al-Qusuni (1562-after 1634). As far as we know, the autograph of the work is part of the collection 18, which was received by the Leiden collection in the second half of the XIX century. The first twenty-five pages of the handwritten book are excerpts from the biographical dictionary 'Abd

10 Or. 2366.

11

12

13

14

15

16 Prof. Ahmed Al-Hasso. Editing al-Sakhawi's autobiography: Irshad Al-Gawi, Bal Is'ad Al-Rawi Lil Ilam Bi Tarjamal Al-Sakhawi (Tenia Grant SCHEM 2010/2011). The Islamic Manuscript Association.

17 2014,

18 Or. 2384.

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al-Qadir al - 'Aidarus (d. 1628)" The shining Light... " 19, made by al-Qusuni. From the writings of al - ' Aidarus, who was born and died in India, spent many years traveling in search of knowledge, and included in his voluminous work stories about famous scientists and rulers of the Muslim world who died in the X century of the Hijri (1494-1591 years according to the Christian calendar) [2001, al-Qusuni chose reports about the Egyptians including Sultan Qa'itbay (1468-1496) (l. 2) and Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (l. 6-7), one of the most prolific historians of the Mamluk era. The work of al-Qusuni himself, 20 a Cairo physician who is best known for his medical writings [198 occupies most of the collection (l. 25-216), is constructed by analogy with the biographical dictionary of al - ' Aidarus and contains biographies of prominent Egyptians of the XV-XVI centuries.

Mamluk sultans and emirs took part in the religious and cultural life of the country mainly as patrons and patrons, some studied with Muslim sheikhs, showed an interest in literature and history. For one of the emirs of the 15th century, a historical poem was rewritten, supplemented and provided with a detailed commentary 'Abd al - ' Azim al-Jazzar (XIII century) on the rulers of Egypt. The manuscript is kept in Legatum Warnerianum 21.

The history of the rulers up to and including Sultan Kaitbey is described in the last part of the work " A glorious Friend..."22' Abu-l-Yumna 'Abd-ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad Mujir ad-Din al -' Ulaimi al - ' Umari al-Maqdisi (1456-1521 / 1522) 23. The scholar devoted this work to describing Jerusalem, where he was born and raised, as well as Hebron and other cities in Palestine. Fragments of al-Maqdisi's work were translated into French by G. Sowary as early as the 18th century.24 The last known edition of the text was published in Amman in 1999. 25 The title of the work in the Leiden list is placed in a rectangular panel at the top of the title page, covered with gold paint and decorated with red and blue arabesques. The author's name is inscribed in a similarly designed round medallion in the center of the sheet. The use of geometric shapes is considered the most traditional method of illuminating handwritten books of the Mamluk period.

A handwritten book created specifically for the library of Sultan Jakmak (1438-1453) and brought to Leiden as part of the L. Varner collection has a similar design. Essay " Rites of the Hajj...26 was written by an anonymous author of the Hanafi school for one of Jakmak's predecessors, al-Mu'ayyad (1412-1421), when he wished to make a pilgrimage. The copy from the collection of L. Varner has an illuminated title page with an ex-libris: the name of the Sultan with the corresponding signature is displayed in the central medallion decorated with arabesques on a gold and blue background; the name of the work is read in an exquisitely decorated rectangular panel at the top of the sheet, which is complemented by a small palmette.

Another manuscript from the collection of L. Varner, created in the Mamluk period, is a book that includes a Turkic-Arabic dictionary, a collection of Mongolian words and expressions explaining their meaning in Persian and Arabic

19

21

21 Or. 987.

22

23 Or. 82.

24 Histore de Jerusalem et d'Hebron deruis Abraham Jusqu'a la fin du XVe siecle de J.-C. Fragments de la Chroniqe de Moudjir-ed-dyn traduits sur le texte arabe par Henry Sauvairy. Paris: Ernest Leroux, MDCCCLXXVI (1876). 346 pp.

25 1999,

26 Or. 458.

page 25
27. The manuscript dates from 1342. In the XIII-XIV centuries. Most of the Egyptian Mamluks were Turks, most often Kipchak Turks. At the same time, in the second half of the 13th century, the Mamluk army was replenished with a significant number of Mongol soldiers, who often joined the service of the victorious Egyptian sultans as a result of tribal conflicts and dynastic strife among the Genghisids [Bosworth, 1971, p. 190-193; Ayalon, 1977, p.81]. The rule of a closed foreign-language elite created the need to create new dictionaries and grammars of the Turkic (with an abundance of Kipchak lexical material) and - less often - the Mongolian language. Among the most famous works of this kind are the "Book of Understanding the language of the Turks"compiled by 'Abu Hayyan (1256-1344) in 1312,28 which reflects the language of the Egyptian Kipchaks of the first quarter of the XIV century. The dictionary "Gift..."29 with a detailed grammatical essay belongs to the 15th century [Najip, 1964, pp. 622-624]. "Sufficient [manual] for those who are eager [to study] the language of the Turks and Kipchaks" 30 was apparently compiled in Syria by Jamal al-Din ' Abu Muhammad Abdullah al-Turki and published in Warsaw in 1938 by academician A. Zayonchkovsky.

In 1963, in the Lorenzo de ' Medici library in Florence, another Arabic-Kipchak dictionary was discovered - "A Shining Pearl for [studying] the Turkic language" 31, written during the Mamluk period and including full-fledged material on the Kipchak language, including whole phrases and dialogues, which makes it possible to use this monument as a manual of living speech mamluks [Zayonchkovsky, 1964, p. 111, 112-113, 115]. The Leiden manuscript attracted the attention of orientalists as early as the 19th century. In 1894, M. Houtsma published the text of a Turkic-Arabic dictionary with comments and research [Houtsma, 1984], in which he first substantiated the thesis that this dictionary was written in Egypt and was based on the language of the Egyptian Mamluks. The Mongolian lexical material of the Leiden manuscript was used in the 1920s by N. Poppe [Poppe, 1928] and later by J. Kropotkin. Saito [Saito, 2003; Saito, 2006].

The Mamluk period includes the creation of a list of "Books on Military Tricks", also from the collection of J. Golius 32. The manuscript contains only the first part. The authorship of this work is attributed to Alexander the Great. The original, as reported in the Istanbul copy of the treatise, was found in a dungeon between two stones, and later translated from Greek into Arabic [Inventory, 2007, Vol. 1, p. 47]. A more complete and color-illustrated copy of the Book of Military Tricks is presented in one of the manuscripts from the collection of L. Varner (1619-1665)33 [Brugman and Schroder, 1979, p. II, 4, 19-20; Inventory, 2007, Vol. 1, p. 11-12].

In Mamluk society, great importance was attached to preserving the military tradition. In addition to the practical skills that could be gleaned from the available Arabic treatises on Furusia, continuity in this particular field of knowledge allowed the Mamluks to stretch another thread connecting them, the foreign rulers of Egypt, with Arab-Muslim culture. Along with the new treatises, the emirs willingly purchased copies of earlier works for their libraries - a kind of classic military literature.

The Leiden collection also has a classic work on the art of war, a list of which was made in the Mamluk era. This is "Kitab al-furusiya", which

27 Or. 517.

28

29

30

31

32 Or. 92.

33 Or. 499.

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Also called Kitab al-baytara 34. Ibn Ahi Hizam al-Khuttuli (d. 865) wrote this treatise for the Caliph al-Mutawakkil (846-861). The Leyden copy, dating from 1295, uses brown, black and red ink, the text is written in naskh, and the headings are highlighted in suls, there are two drawings of a horse. The first one shows a healthy animal, and the second one shows a sick one [Levinius Warner..., 1970, p. 68].

A valuable source for studying the topic of Mamluk military culture is the manuscript collection from the collection of L. Varner, 35 which contains two treatises on military affairs written in the first half of the XIV century, most likely by the same author - Lajin al-Husami at-Tarablusi (d. 1379), for the Emir Sayf ad-Din Ushaktimur al-Mardini (died 1389), governor of Aleppo. The first essay - "The desired goal of aspiring..." 36-contains 82 color schemes of the movement of riders. The collection is a remarkable example of Arabic calligraphy.

Among the works on the art of war written already in the Mamluk period is the" Treatise on the Art of Archery " by Taibugi al-Ashraf al-Yunani (d. 1394)37, which was brought to Leiden by J. Golius [Inventory, 2007, Vol. 1, p. 41]. There are probably several editions of this work under different names. 38 The Leyden list contains a reference to a certain poem by Qadi al-Fadil (1135-1200), a famous Fatimid statesman who later became the vizier of Salah al-Din (1169-1193). The first lines of the manuscript indicate that the treatise is a commentary on the diwan of al-Fadil called "An-Nunniyya" 39. Available sources do not allow us to establish whether the famous Qadi, who left a large literary legacy, far from fully preserved and only partially published, was the author of this poetic work. The reference to an authoritative predecessor, contemporary, and participant in the deeds of Salah al-Din was probably intended to emphasize the continuity of the military tradition and give even greater weight to the treatise presented.

In the collection of L. Varner there is a handwritten book dedicated to the art of archery 40. It includes more than twenty works, of which a poem by al-Husayn al-Yunini (d. 1324) undoubtedly belongs to the Mamluk period in the list of 1492. Al-Yunini, according to his own words, began to master the bow and arrow when he was ten years old, and for a long time he was able to master the bow and arrow. For seven years, I devoted all my energy to this occupation. Having mastered all the arts of archery, he became a recognized mu'allim in the professional community - a teacher, a master. Al-Yunini's work is less informative than the treatise of the aforementioned Taibugi. Al-Yunini ignores the exercises that the rider must perform. Horsemanship is the prerogative of the Mamluks, among whom al-Husayn al-Yunini, a native of Syria, apparently did not belong [Jallon, 1980, p. 15-16, 38].

The works presented in the Leiden collection cover all branches of military science: actually furusiyu, or horsemanship, the art of archery, strategy and tactics, various types of weapons. A detailed study of the contents of these treatises presents a number of objective difficulties, primarily related to an accurate and adequate understanding of military and technical terms. Nevertheless, thanks to publications prepared by Russian, Western and Arab scientists, a scientific base is gradually being formed for further research in this area.

34 Or. 528.

35 Or. 490.

36

37 Or. 74.

38 For more information about the treatise, see [Ilyushina, 2012].

39 That is, a poetic work in which the last word of each line ends with the letter "an-nun".

40 Or. 995.

page 27
The Leiden Manuscript Collection contains a wide range of sources on the history and culture of the Mamluk Sultanate. In addition to a number of treatises on the art of war, which were mentioned above, unpublished works, autographs, as well as magnificent examples of calligraphy and illumination of a handwritten book from the Mamluk period are of great scientific interest.

list of literature

Arabic manuscripts of the Institute of Oriental Studies. Short catalog. Edited by A. B. Khalidov, Moscow: Nauka-GRVL, 1986, part 1, 526 p.

Bosworth K. E. Muslim Dynasties, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1971, 324 p.

Ancient and medieval sources on the ethnography and history of Africa South of the Sahara, vol. 1. Arab sources of the VII-X centuries, Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1960, 398 p.

Zayonchkovsky L. Novonaydennyy arabsko-kipchakskiy slovar ' iz gosudarstva mamlukov [The newly found Arabic-Kipchak dictionary from the Mamluk state]. 1964. N 3. pp. 111-116.

Al-Baklamishi's treatise on the art of archery // Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Ser. 13: Vostokovedenie [Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg University]. African studies. 2012. N 4. pp. 23-28.

Krachkovsky I. Yu. Nad arabskimi rukisami [Over Arabic manuscripts] / / Izbrannye sochineniya, Vol. 1. Moscow-L.: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1955, pp. 11-149.

Najip E. N. Merits of Arabic philologists in the field of studying Turkic languages// Semitic languages. Issue 2 (part 2). Proceedings of the First Conference on Semitic Languages on October 26-28, 1964, Moscow: Nauka, GRVL, 1965, pp. 617-625.

Ayalon D. The Wafidiya in the Mamluk Kingdom // Studies on the Mamluks of Egypt (1250-1517). L.: Variorum Reprints, 1977. P. 81-104.

Brockelmann C. Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur. 2. Bd. B.: Verlag von Emil Felber, 1902. 714 s.

Brugman J., Schroder F. Arabic Studies in the Netherlands. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1979. 55 p.

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