Artem Borisovich Letnev belonged to the generation of Africanists whose scientific development took place in the 1950s - a time of rapid growth of public interest in the Black continent. The new Africa movement in those years attracted the attention of many representatives of the younger generation, both in the Soviet Union and in the West. I wanted to understand these processes, to understand where countries that for many decades were associated only with the world of colonialism are moving.

Artyom Letnev, a 1952 MGIMO graduate, was also captured by Africa in those years. It was then that he began working in the editorial office of the Novoe Vremya magazine , one of the leading publications in the Soviet Union covering current international issues. On its pages, on October 29, 1952, Letnev's first article on African issues was published under the initials "A. L." ¹. It covered events in Kenya related to the so-called "May-May Uprising". Talking about the introduction of a state of emergency in the country, the arrest of J. R. R. Tolkien. Kenyatta et al., the author emphasized that the reason for all this was much deeper than the activities of the terrorist organization "May-May". "In fact," he wrote, " it is quite another matter: mass demonstrations of workers against colonial oppression are taking place in the country." The young journalist emphasized that these events also marked a general crisis of the British colonial Empire.

In April 1953, the first major article by Artem Borisovich appeared, signed no longer with initials. It was devoted to the analysis of the situation in another African colony - Belgian Congo ². Already in this article, a distinctive feature of the entire subsequent work of A. B. Letiev was clearly revealed-active is-

use of a large array of foreign publications. Relying on numerous articles from the Belgian press and having a lot of factual material made the work of a young journalist a serious study. Optimistic about the prospects of the national liberation movement in the Congo, he stressed:: "Despite all the obstacles, millions of black slaves are awakening to conscious political life."

Letnev's good knowledge of foreign studies on African issues led him to work for Novoye Vremya as a reviewer. The first publication of this kind was devoted to the book of the British Labor leader F. A. Kropotkin. Brockway's Why May-May? (London, 1953)³. Polemicizing with the author on the nature of the unrest in Kenya, the Soviet journalist also emphasized the merits of the reviewed work, which became " living evidence exposing the inhumane nature of British colonial policy." He recognized the fact that the pamphlet by F. Brockway is "strong in her denunciations of the abominations of the colonial regime."

The same features distinguished another review by A. B. Letnev of those years, devoted to the analysis of the book "In Africa"by the American writer and journalist John Hunter⁴. Indicating that J. R. R. Tolkien Hunter was "a staunch opponent of the liberation struggle of oppressed peoples", A. B. Letnev noted that this work was interesting "with a huge factual material".

A. B. Letnev also turned to the works of African authors. So, his attention was drawn to the novel by Senegalese writer Semben Ousmane " My country, my beautiful people!"⁵-about the tragic fate of World War II veteran Umar Faye, who returned from France to his native Senegal, and found himself in his homeland between two worlds-traditionalist tribesmen and French colonialists. In the review, he first turned to the analysis of the inner world of these people, their psychology, and difficult destinies. Then Artem Borisovich, like many other Africanists, wanted to believe in a better future for the Black continent and its inhabitants. "When you reach the last page of the book," the historian noted, " you can't help thinking: Umar's son will be happier than his father, and all his peers in Africa and Asia will live in a world free from the yoke of colonialism." African veterans of world wars will attract the attention of historians more than once. This theme will later become one of the core themes in the work of A. B. Letnev.

On the pages of Novoye Vremya in the 1950s, one can find articles by A. B. Letnev devoted not only to Africa. The young reporter wrote on a wide variety of topics, mainly analyzing international issues, ⁶ but sometimes also addressing intra-union issues.⁷ He specialized in covering international youth events, in particular the Moscow session of the Council of the International Union of Students (August 1954) and the World Youth Festival in Warsaw in 1955. At these forums, he met with African youth-the President of the Federation of Black African Students in France, Albert Franklin, Georges Randrianali (Madagascar)⁸ and others. These people were for the Soviet journalist symbols of a young, awakened Africa, rising up to fight against colonial dependence.

This is exactly what Artem Borisovich called his first monograph, "On the Awakened Continent", ⁹ which became the result of the initial period of his work. In this short work, while portraying the plight of the indigenous population of Africa under the colonial regime, he also emphasized that the continent's period of dependence on European Powers was coming to an end. The whole book was filled with the "pre-storm" atmosphere that was felt by all Africanists in those years: "The African continent is changing before our eyes... Today it is a huge hotbed of the national liberation movement. Africa is booming from Algeria to Cape Town, from Dakar to Mombasa."

In 1956-1958, A. B. Letnev studied at the post-graduate school of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1958-1961, he worked as a translator for the UNESCO Secretariat in France, while simultaneously working on his PhD thesis and studying African languages.10

Artem Borisovich begins to publish in leading scientific journals of the USSR. It was he, a well - established African journalist, who was assigned by the editorial board of the World Economy and International Relations magazine to cover the results of the conference of the eight independent States of the continent in Accra in 1958. This was one of the first forums where she stated:

about me a new Africa freed from colonial dependence ¹¹. The journal "Soviet Ethnography" publishes his article in which he analyzes the disintegration of tribal structures among the Bemba peoples (Northern Rhodesia), their involvement in commodity-money relations. Emphasizing the special impact that the copper belt mines had on social processes, he showed the transformation of the Bemba way of life in ^{the 1950s12}

At this time, Letnev began to write about the peoples of West Africa - a region that will become the main one in his scientific work. So, he explores the combination of old and new in the life of the Mandingo peoples (upper reaches of the Niger and Gambia rivers)¹³. At the same time, the historian emphasized that the overall level of development of productive forces in the Mandingos by the end of the 1950s was very low: "Agriculture and cattle breeding are of a pronounced extensive nature, yields are small, and milk yields are scanty." ¹⁴

At the end of 1961, A. B. Letnev returned to Moscow and was hired at the Institute of Africa of the USSR Academy of Sciences. October-November 1962 He was on a research trip to Mali. Here Artyom Borisovich saw how Malian society began to change after the country gained independence: the old aristocracy, having lost its privileges, works on a common basis; the cooperative movement develops; the government of the country fights against otkhodnichestvo, common in the colonial period.

Like many other Africanists in those years, A. B. Letnev was very optimistic. It seemed to him that in the young state "ethnic and linguistic boundaries are gradually erased... The previously existing national antagonism, fueled by colonizers, in particular, the long-standing hostility between Bambara farmers and Fulbe pastoralists, is becoming a thing of the past"¹⁵. Unfortunately, the future turned out to be much more complex than it seemed in the early 1960s.

In the works of A. B. Letnev of these years, one can also find a retrospective analysis of the situation in Mali in the last colonial decade. He showed how the Malian bourgeoisie developed, while noting that local entrepreneurs had to fight on two fronts: "against the European capitalists and against the very tenacious remnants of the tribal system." ¹⁶

In 1963 Artem Borisovich received the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences. The material of the dissertation formed the basis of monograph ¹⁷, which was largely the final one for this period of the scientist's work. The book successfully combined the talents of A. B. Letnev as a historian and ethnographer. Its very solid source base draws attention to itself. Working with archival sources will become a trademark of A. B. Letnev's work for many years to come. In this book, he drew on unpublished documents from the former Office of the Governor of French Sudan, the former Ministry of Overseas Territories of France, the statistical service of Mali and the Malian State agricultural enterprise "Niger Valley Authority", which were stored at the Institute of Humanities of Mali and the Museum of Man in Paris. Artem Borisovich demonstrated in this work and excellent knowledge of French research literature, essays written by African (in this case, Malian) authors.

Since the second half of the 1960s, he has gradually transformed his academic field, becoming increasingly involved in the political history of Africa. Here he is again helped by an excellent acquaintance with the French (L. Amon), British (T. Hodgkin), American (R. Schachter-Morgenthau, R. Sklyar, A. Solberg, F. Snyder, etc.) research literature ¹⁸.A. B. Letnev begins to actively participate in the creation of large collective works.

So, it was he who wrote the introduction, the chapter "Prerequisites and features of party formation" and the conclusion in the work "Political Parties of Africa" published in those years by Soviet Africanists.¹⁹

A. B. Letnev and M. I. Braginsky covered the problems of Tropical Africa in the collective monograph "On a New Path". At the same time, it is noticeable that by the end of the 1960s Artem Borisovich took a much more cautious position when assessing the situation on the Black Continent. The first decade of the history of many independent African States was already ending, but many problems did not go away from their lives. The authors noted: "Naturally, the national question did not have time to lose its relevance after the elimination of the colonial regime. Along with the new positive aspects, the negative ones - tribalism and separatism, national and religious exclusivity-still retain their significance. " ²⁰ Soviet historians wrote with concern about the recent ethnic cleansing, persecution of Dahomey people in the Ivory Coast, etc.

In the 1970s and early 1980s, the problems of the history of socio-political thought in Tropical Africa became the leading topic in the works of A. B. Letnev. He manages to find new sources that were not previously involved in scientific circulation (for example, the newspaper "Paria" published in Paris by the Inter-Colonial Union in the 1920s).²¹. Extremely valuable information was obtained by A. B. Letnev as a result of working with the materials of the Manuscript Department of the IFAN Library-the Fundamental Institute of Black Africa in Dakar. During his trip to Senegal, he carefully analyzed the theses of graduates of the U. Ponty Normal School, many of which represented the socio-psychological type of French "evoluet" (Africans-residents of French colonies who learned to some extent

degrees of metropolitan culture). He managed to show the specifics of the perception of the world by these people who found themselves at the junction of two cultures - African and European.²²

Working with large sets of various documents allows the historian to create a complete picture of the development of the national liberation movement in Tropical Africa during the interwar period. This is reflected in large generalizing works, one of the authors of which was A. B. Letnev23.

From the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s, Artem Borisovich began to work on the problem of "Russia and Africa", which in the future will play an increasingly important role in his work. He began with the theme of the impact of the events of October 1917 on the Black Continent. ²⁴ The active involvement of archival sources characteristic of his work allowed the historian to give this highly ideologized topic a new sound. After a long break, A. B. Letnev was one of the first authors to write extensively about the Russian Expeditionary Corps in France and the contacts of its soldiers with the Senegalese riflemen. ²⁵ The highlight of these works was the attraction of unique personal sources - materials of the author's conversations in 1970 with Senegalese veterans of the First World War S. Bay and I. Sow.

In 1983, the main work of A. B. Letnev was published - " Public Thought in West Africa. 1918-1939", which became the basis of his doctoral dissertation. It summarizes the author's long-term research on the problems of the history of public thought in West Africa during the interwar period, and uses numerous sources stored in the archives of Senegal, Benin, France, and the United States. No less important is the fact that the work turned out to be innovative in many ways, which stood out from the total number of many works of Soviet historians. Atypical for Soviet historiography were the titles of chapters and paragraphs: "Psychological consequences of war", " Evolution of the ideological climate...", "Cultural and political assimilation through the eyes of the younger generation".

To a large extent, the author's research was rather in line with the methodological searches of the French historiography of those years (the Annals school, historical and anthropological studies, etc.), with which A. B. Letnev, of course, was familiar. It is significant that to characterize the personality of Ho Chi Minh, for example, the author used not traditional materials for Soviet historiography, but an article by the famous Silver Age poet O. Mandelstam, who became a victim of Stalin's repressions and was rarely remembered in those years. Such an unusual source for historical works of those years as the poems of G. Apollinaire was also attracted.

The book was dedicated to exploring the inner world of a whole generation of West African intellectuals. The work was decorated with vivid portraits of Towalu Ouenu, Louis Uncanran (Dahomey), Blaise Diane, Lamine Gay (Senegal) and other symbols of that era. A. B. Letnev again turned to the topic of the psychology of African combatants, which was mentioned in his review of the book by Senegalese Semben Ousmane, written almost 30 years ago. He again writes about the peculiar situation of these people, caught between two worlds: "Yesterday's soldier, who passed Verdun or the Dardanelles, was both the hope of the colonial administration and the first rebel candidate." ²⁶

In 1985, Artem Borisovich received the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences. During the years of Perestroika, his research in those years was based on the materials of the State Archive of Great Britain (primarily the funds of the War Cabinet and the Ministry of Colonies). On the basis of archival documents, he showed that the British colonial administration was concerned about the activities of J. R. R. Tolkien. Kenyatta (Kenya), F. Small (Gambia) and other figures of the national liberation movement of the 1930s-1940s. ²⁷

Scrupulous work in the archives helps A. B. Letnev discover the most interesting documents there. So, he proves that after the victory at Stalingrad in the British colonial Empire, the Day of the Red Army was celebrated. On February 23, 1943, ²⁸ celebrations were held in the Gold Coast, Gambia, Nigeria.

A. B. Letnev actively addresses the topic "Africa and World War II" in the 1990s-2000s. Working with "trophy" documents in the US National Archives allowed him to highlight the question of Nazi Germany's plans in Africa (the so-called "Mittelafrica" project), to tell about what it was supposed to be There will be a "new order" on the Black Continent if the Axis powers win ²⁹.

The main topic for Artem Borisovich, however, was the fate of African front-line soldiers. In particular, he points out the contribution that African soldiers made to the liberation of Italy, Southern France, and the defeat of Hitler's Germany in 1943-1945. At the same time, he also refers to those stories that for a long time were in the shadow of the victories of the anti-Hitler coalition. The historian says that already in the autumn and winter of 1944, the new French government replaced African soldiers with French recruits, which caused discontent among veterans from Black Africa, who were "written off from the army directly on the eve of the imminent victory over fascism" ³⁰.

It is also characteristic that Artem Borisovich is again actively working with sources of personal origin - memoirs of African veterans of the Second World War ³¹: a person, his psychology, feelings and moods were almost always in the center of attention of one of the leading Russian Africanists.

The result of A. B. Letnev's work on the problem "Africa in the Second World War" was the publication under his editorship of a collection of hundred books.-

based on the materials of the round table ³² held at the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences in December 2004.

As Artem Borisovich has repeatedly noted in his research, a number of veterans of the Second World War later became prominent politicians of the continent, the creators of independent African states. Therefore, it is no coincidence that A. B. Letnev continued to deal with the problems of the history of socio-political thought in Africa. As always, his works were distinguished by the ability to draw a psychological portrait of a representative of the intellectual and political elite of Africa, to show the conditions in which his views were formed. He creates brilliant portraits of Boubou Hama, Amadou Ampate Ba, Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Cheick Ant Diop and Alioun Diop-representatives of the first generation of West African states33.

During these years, he also investigated such a complex phenomenon as the phenomenon of pan-Africanism. A. B. Letnev emphasized that throughout the entire existence of this phenomenon, the "anti-slavery substrate" played a significant role in his ideology.³⁴ However, in many ways in a new way, he begins to raise the question of evaluating the phenomenon of the slave trade itself. Excellent knowledge of foreign studies on this problem allowed A. B. Letnev to draw attention to the fact that some Africanists assess the phenomenon of slave trade differently from Soviet historiography. "Paradoxically,"he noted," the slave trade phenomenon ultimately contributed to a dialogue between the civilizations of Europe, Africa, and the Americas. "³⁵ According to the historian, addressing this issue at the beginning of the twenty-first century was still very relevant, since it was precisely in the" dark times of the black slave trade"the roots of such phenomena as racism, xenophobia, and intolerance have been removed.

The theme of "Russia and Africa" is becoming more and more significant in Artem Borisovich's work. A. B. Letnev's interest in these subjects made it quite natural to appeal to the personality of the famous Hannibal. In a discussion between proponents of the Ethiopian and Cameroonian versions of the origin of Pushkin's ancestor, one of Russia's leading Africanists took a very balanced position: "At the level of very vague knowledge about Africa that existed in Russia, and in Western Europe, at the time when Hannibal was born, it was hardly possible to accurately determine from which ones He was taken to Constantinople, and then to St. Petersburg by Pushkin's great-grandfather." It is also characteristic that Artem Borisovich, who has always appreciated working with archival sources and field ethnographic research in Africa, believed that in order to confirm the Cameroonian version, "it would be logical to conduct field research in Cameroon", as well as thoroughly work in the archives of Cameroon and Turkey.³⁶

However, the main focus of A. B. Letnev was on the topic "Russians in Africa in the XX century". He again writes about the Russian brigades in France during the First World War and the fate of their soldiers who found themselves in Algeria in 1918-1920. At the same time, it is significant that he refers to sources typical of historical and anthropological research-personal correspondence of Russian soldiers who were in North Africa. The historian emphasizes that Soviet historiography often took a simplistic approach to assessing the political moods of these people. A. B. Letnev did not think that their "revolutionary enthusiasm" was so unambiguous: "It seems that in many cases the praise for the new, revolutionary system was due not so much to pro-Bolshevik sympathies as to dislike for the overthrown autocracy"³⁷.

A special merit of Artem Borisovich is that it was he who, in the late 1990s-2000s, raised the question of the need to study the history of Russian emigration in Tropical Africa. In fact, an informal center for research on this issue is being formed around it at this time. Together with V. P. Khokhlova, they manage to do a lot in this direction. Their collection of articles " The Russian Diaspora in Africa "and the book"Africa through the Eyes of Emigrants" ³⁸ became for many years the largest works on this topic, known to all specialists in the history of the Russian diaspora. A. B. Letnev's remark that " without

without taking into account the pan-African material, it is too early to assume that the world panorama of the Russian Diaspora has already been recreated. " ³⁹

At the beginning of the XXI century, this topic occupied an increasing place in the activities of the Department of History of the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which was headed by A. B. Letnev for about 40 years. The historical section of the traditional conferences of the Institute of Africa brought together leading experts on the history of Russian emigration on the Black Continent, living both in Russia and abroad.

It was then that the author of these lines got acquainted with A. B. Letnev. I was always struck by the combination of the highest professionalism and democracy of this man. Perhaps only such a world-renowned scientist and a true intellectual as Artem Borisovich could treat with such attention and respect a young provincial historian who was making his first steps in African studies.

A. B. Letnev managed to gather around him people with very different, sometimes diametrically opposed views, but the genuine tolerance inherent in this person caused constant respect for him and a desire to work together. I have always admired the constant desire of this person to develop, to learn something new. For example, few historians of the Russian diaspora, specialists in Russian history, knew the work of N. A. Teffi as Artyom Borisovich knew it. Formed as a scientist during the Khrushchev "thaw", he was a bright representative of the "sixties" generation, expressing in his life the constant search for truth, the desire for renewal that that era represented.

One of the last works of A. B. Letnev was called "Remembering the departed..." Now that the man who worked together with A. Z. Zusmanovich and I. I. Potekhin has passed away, it is impossible not to pay tribute to him. The name of A. B. Letnev is associated with 60 years of the history of not only Soviet and Russian, but also world African studies.

Artem Borisovich Letnev, who watched colonial Africa become independent and enter the era of globalization, left a significant mark not only in the history of science, but also in the hearts of many people.

^{A. L.} 1 [A. Letnev]. Unrest in Kenya / / Novoe vremya. 1952. N 44. pp. 6-7.

^{Letnev A.} 2 Legenda o Belgicheskom Kongo [The Legend of the Belgian Congo]. 1953. N 15. pp. 10-13.

³ Colonizers in Kenya / / New Time. 1953. N 29. pp. 30-32.

⁴ The United States and the "Black Continent" / / Novoe vremya. 1956. N 16. pp. 27-29.

⁵ It was in Senegal / / Novoe vremya. 1957. N 50. pp. 28-30.

⁶ After the conclusion of the Washington-Madrid deal / / Novoe vremya. 1953. N 41. pp. 14-18; Friendship is not bought! // New time. 1955. N 11. p. 29-31; New life of Lodz / / New time. 1955. N 40. p. 24-27; Meeting of friends / / Novoe vremya. 1956. N 25. pp. 6-8.

⁷ On Election Day / / Novoe vremya. 1954. N 12. p. 23-26; Na rodine Lenina [In Lenin's homeland]. 1955. N 16. p. 25-28; Zhivaya istoriya [Living history]. 1955. N 45. pp. 29-32.

^{Vasiliev O., Letnev A.} 8 Studencheskaya meteta v Moskve [Student meeting in Moscow]. 1954. N 36. p. 20-23; Letnev A. On the World Festival of Youth / / Novoe vremya. 1955. N 33. pp. 19-23.

^{Letnev A.} 9 On the awakened continent, Moscow, 1957.

^{Vinokurov Yu. M.} 10 To the 80th anniversary of Artem Borisovich Letnev // Vostok / Oriens. 2010. N 3. P. 2010.

Letnev A. B. Sotochenie narodov Afrika [Unity of the peoples of Africa]. MEiMO, 1958, No. 8, pp. 95-96.

¹² the question of social relations in modern severodoneckoe village // Soviet Ethnography. 1959. N 1. pp. 69-78.

¹³ Economic life of the mandingo / / Soviet ethnography. 1962. N 3. pp. 59-70.

¹⁴ Ibid., p. 68.

¹⁵ Novoe v maliyskoi derevke [New in the Malian village]. 1964. N 1. P. 87.

¹⁶ Social differentiation in Mali and adjacent areas of West Africa / / Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1963. N 1. P. 78; Letnev A. B. Rural community in Mali before and after the conquest of independence. Moscow, 1964.

^{Letnev A. B.} 17 Village of Western Mali. Socio-economic essay. 1950-1960 Moscow, 1964.

¹⁸ Problema afrikanskikh partii v bourgeoisnoy afrikanistike [The problem of African Parties in Bourgeois African Studies]. 1968. N 8. pp. 63-79.

¹⁹ Politicheskie partii Afrika [Political Parties of Africa], Ed. by V. G. Solodovnikov, Moscow, 1970.

²⁰ Na novom puti [On a new path], Moscow, 1968, p. 138.

^{Letnev A. B.} 21 U istokov boevogo soyuza (k 50-letiyu vykhoda pervogo noera gazeta "Pariya") [21 At the origins of the Combat Union (to the 50th anniversary of the first issue of the newspaper "Paria")]. Rabochy klass i sovremennyi mir, 1972, No. 6, pp. 198-200.

²² the Formation of public aspirations West African "of evolue" (late 30's - early 40-ies of XX century) // the Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1983. N 4. pp. 37-47.

²³ History of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of Africa in recent times. M., 1978.

²⁴ Velikiy Oktyabr i Afrika [Great October and Africa], Moscow, 1980.

^{Letnev A. B.} 25 Pobeda Velikogo Oktyabrya i narody Zapadnoy Afrika [25 Victory of the Great October and the Peoples of West Africa]. 1983. N 1. pp. 70-76.

²⁶ Ibid., p. 23.

²⁷ Influence of the Great October Socialist Revolution on Africa and the policy of the British colonialists / / Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1987. N 5. pp. 20-30.

²⁸ Day of the Red Army in "British Africa" / / Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1989. N 6. pp. 134-136.

²⁹ How Berlin was going to "round up" Cameroon / / Asia and Africa today. 2000. N 10. pp. 67-71.

³⁰ Africans in the battles for the liberation of Southern Europe (1943-1945) / / Voprosy istorii. 1995. N 9. p. 27.

^{Letnev A. B., Novikov S. S.} 31 Voina v Afrika, Afrika na voine (po paganam vospominanii vrontovikov) [31]. Neustabnost ' v Afrika: uroki proshego i sovremennye protsessy [Instability in Africa: lessons from the past and modern processes], Moscow, 2006, pp. 68-82.

³² Afrika v Vtoroi mirovoi voine [Africa in the Second World War]. Moscow, 2005.

^{33. Letnev A. B.} 33 Nekotorye mysli po prokhozhdenii vzaimodeistviya Bubu Khama, zapad afrikanskogo uchenogo i politika [Some thoughts on the centenary of Bubu Hama, a West African scientist and politician]. Razvitie Afrika: vozmozhnosti i hindrances, Moscow, 2008, pp. 153-154. Reflections on the fate of the first generation of the West African elite / / Afrikans and Russians at the crossroads of history. Moscow, 2010. pp. 45-64.

³⁴ Panafricanism: a view through the centuries // Africa and the past century. M., 2000. P.27.

^{Letnev A. B.} 35 the History of the slave trade in the new phase of understanding (about a difficult international discussions) // Safety in Africa: internal and external aspects. M., 2005. S. 106.

³⁶ "The author, from the side of the mother of African origin..." / / Asia and Africa today. 1999. N 11. P. 45.

³⁷ Soldiers of Russia in Algeria (1918-1920) / / Voprosy istorii. 1998. N 5. P. 134.

³⁸ Russian Diaspora in Africa. 20-e-50-e gg. / Ed. by A. B. Letnev/. Moscow, 2001; Africa through the eyes of emigrants. Russians on the continent in the first half of the XX century / Comp. A. B. Letnev, V. P. Khokhlova/. Moscow, 2002.

^{Letnev A. B.} 39 On the southern edge of the world scattering: Russians in the African tropics / / Where are you going, Africa? Istoriko-politicheskie etudy [Historical and Political studies], Moscow, 2004, p. 38.

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