The history of Russia knows two grand victories over invaders who threatened the very existence of the state: the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon's army and the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 against Nazi Germany. Both victories were achieved at an incredible cost and became symbols of the indomitable spirit of the people. Despite the difference in epochs, common patterns can be traced in these events, allowing Russian (and in the 20th century — Soviet) troops to overcome seemingly invincible enemies. Victory over Napoleon (1812) The invasion of Napoleon's army into Russia in the summer of 1812 caught the Russian troops by surprise, however, Kutuzov's strategic plan and the heroism of the soldiers turned the tide of the campaign. Strategy of exhaustion: The Russian troops deliberately retreated deep into the country, avoiding a general battle until they accumulated strength. The Battle of Borodino, although it did not bring victory, undermined the offensive momentum of the French. Burning of Moscow: The abandonment and burning of Moscow deprived Napoleon of winter quarters and supplies. The French army was trapped: without food and facing the approaching cold. People's War: Partisan units composed of peasants and Cossacks attacked French supply columns, destroyed foraging parties, and did not allow the enemy to replenish supplies. This made the occupation unbearable. General Moroz: The severe Russian winter of 1812 completed the destruction. The French, not accustomed to the cold, froze in large numbers, losing horses and equipment. As a result, by the end of 1812, Napoleon's army was virtually annihilated, and the emperor fled to Paris. This campaign became the first major defeat of the French commander and predetermined the collapse of his empire. Victory over Hitler (1941–1945) The German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, marked the beginning of the most devastating war in history. The victory over Nazism was achieved ... Read more