On October 28, 2009, the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences hosted a joint solemn meeting of the Academic Council of the Institute and the Scientific Council on Africa, dedicated to the memory of the outstanding statesman, the first President of Tanzania, Julius Kambarage Nyerere, who died in October 1999. The Embassy of the United Republic of Tanzania in Moscow took an active part in organizing and holding this event, which was a scientific conference. Moscow, as well as leading professors of the University of Dar es Salaam, who came to Russia specifically on this occasion.

Opening the meeting, Director of the Institute, Corresponding member. RAS A. M. Vasiliev noted that the name of J. Nyerere is on a par with such outstanding fighters for the national liberation of the peoples of Africa as Kwame Nkrumah, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Patrice Lumumba, Nelson Mandela. He managed to build a state that, unlike many other African countries, avoided civil wars and coups, where the change of power takes place in a peaceful democratic way, and citizens have a developed sense of national identity and collective pan-African solidarity. Nyerere, whose anti-corruption measures still make Tanzania one of the cleanest countries in Africa, and not only in Africa. According to A. M. Vasiliev, the country has good prospects for socio-economic development, strengthening its position in the world, and all this is due to the legacy of J. R. R. Tolkien. Nyerere.

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United Republic of Tanzania to the Russian Federation Jaka Mgwabi Mwambi noted the special role of the Mwalimu (teacher), as J. R. R. Tolkien is respectfully called. Nyerere compatriots, in achieving peace and stability in Tanzania, which is inhabited by more than a hundred nationalities. Nyerere's great contribution to the development and implementation of ideas for building a society of equal rights and opportunities, a society without exploitation, poverty and backwardness. The Ambassador drew special attention to the activities of J. R. R. Tolkien. Nyerere, aimed at developing education in Tanzania, whose population remained completely illiterate immediately after the country's independence. When J. R. R. Tolkien Nyerere left office, the literacy rate was 91%, almost every child was in school, and thousands of engineers, doctors, and teachers were trained. In all the most important spheres of activity, whether it is state or party building, the development of national industry and agriculture, the creation of the armed forces, the solution of religious problems, etc. - everywhere Mwalimu left a bright mark. Many of his ideas are also relevant for modern Tanzania. Mwambi noted the pan-African and international beliefs of J. R. R. Tolkien. Nyerere, his willingness to sacrifice national sovereignty for the unification and cohesion of African peoples. He initiated the creation of the East African Community, which, having dissolved in 1977, was revived in 1999 and is rightfully included in the legacy of J. R. R. Tolkien. Nyerere. He was one of the main inspirers and creators

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The Organization of African Unity, the predecessor of the African Union, and until the last years of his life was involved in the settlement of African conflicts, in particular the ethnic conflict in Burundi.

Doyen of the African Diplomatic Corps in Moscow, Ambassador of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau Rogerio Herbert and Ambassador of the Republic of Zimbabwe to the Russian Federation Pelekezela Namoko emphasized in their speeches that the ideas of the great African had an invaluable impact on the history of post-colonial Africa. In their opinion, Tanzania under the leadership of J. R. R. Tolkien Nyerere, Chairman of the Group of "Frontline States", was a stronghold of the anti-colonial struggle of African peoples who had not yet gained independence at that time. Dar es Salaam was home to the headquarters of many national liberation movements, and People's Liberation Army soldiers were trained in camps in Tanzania. The Ambassadors noted that contributing to the full liberation of Africa from colonialism and racism is one of the most important components of Mwalimu's legacy.

With a detailed report on the life path and state activities of J. R. R. Tolkien. Nyerere was presented by S. M. Shpenskaya (Institute of African Studies). She spoke about his development as a leader of the anti-colonial struggle, president and figure of the pan-African scale. On the extraordinary personality of J. R. R. Tolkien Nyerere, the speaker noted, is already indicated by the fact that he was the first native of Tanganyika to receive a master's degree after graduating from the University of Edinburgh in 1952, and the second African to receive a university degree outside the African continent.

One of the main achievements of J. R. R. Tolkien is: Nyerere was involved in the creation of a political party, the Tanganyika National Union of Africans (TANU), which became a reliable tool for uniting all the anti - colonial forces in the country and coordinating their actions. As a result of the anti-colonial struggle of the TANU, led by J. R. R. Tolkien. Under the pressure of world public opinion, Great Britain agreed to grant Tanganyika full autonomy on May 1, 1961, and political independence as part of the British Commonwealth on December 9 of the same year. Exactly one year later, Tanganyika was declared a republic. Its first president was J. R. R. Tolkien. Nyerere. He remained in this position until 1985, when he voluntarily resigned from the presidency. Using concrete examples, S. M. Shlenskaya showed that in the face of the large-scale tasks of state construction, economic development, and the fight against extreme levels of poverty, illiteracy, and mortality in the young republic, J. P. Blavatsky was able to solve the following problems: Nyerere has shown himself to be a talented and strategically minded leader, capable of responding to the challenges of the time in a timely manner, making thoughtful and responsible decisions, and implementing consistent public policies.

J. Nyerere is not called the "Father of the Nation" for nothing, Ms. Shlenskaya emphasized. He played a major role in the unification of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964 and the creation of a new federal state - the United Republic of Tanzania, where more than 120 ethnic groups live peacefully and with dignity in a single family of African peoples. The report also notes a fundamentally new strategy for national development proposed by J. R. R. Tolkien. Nyerere, whose ideological basis is the theory of "ujamaa", analyzes the reasons for the success and failure of attempts to implement it in practice. In any case, according to S. M. Shlenskaya, this strategy contained an original and deeply thought-out concept for the development of a particular country in specific conditions; its true meaning is still not fully understood and adequately evaluated.

S. M. Shlenskaya drew attention to the huge international authority of J. R. R. Tolkien. Nyerere both in Africa and in the world as a whole. He actively participated in the Non-Aligned Movement, made a significant contribution to the struggle for international peace and security, and was one of the six heads of State who signed the 1980 appeal to the nuclear Powers to stop nuclear testing. Inherited from J. R. R. Tolkien The good relations between our countries, which were established just on the second day after the declaration of independence of Tanganyika and have good prospects for further development, have also remained Nyerere.

Issa Shivji (University of Dar es Salaam) made a presentation on "Ideas and practical conclusions of Mwalimu Nyerere on the village as an object of development". He outlined the main positions of the Ujamaa theory. The main meaning of this word is a way of social organization typical of a traditional African extended family. Traditional way of life in the community with the use of modern achievements of J. R. R. Tolkien. Nyerere considered the most acceptable type of social structure for Africa. Policy documents, the main one of which is the Arusha Declaration with the justification of the concept of "ujamaa", were developed by J. R. R. Tolkien. Nyerere in the second

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in the first half of the 1960s, after initial attempts to solve the country's problems in too short a time in a voluntaristic way ended in failure. In these documents, Mwalimu outlined his economic and political views on the development of African, particularly Tanzanian, society. A special place in them is occupied by the provision on self-reliance, i.e. on the need to achieve self-sufficiency of society independently of the surrounding world and thus achieve the possibility of truly independent development of the country. The speaker drew attention to the inclusion of the "Leader's Code" in the Arusha Declaration, which prohibits managers from engaging in entrepreneurial activities and enriching themselves using their official position. Mwalimu himself strictly adhered to these rules, was and remains an example of personal modesty and decent behavior for leaders of any rank and any state.

The main practical implementation of the Ujamaa theory was a policy aimed at building a new society, taking into account the traditions of solidarity and joint work of community farmers. The plan to introduce forms of cooperation among the peasantry included moving to more fertile land, expanding agricultural settlements, using progressive farming methods (ultimately increasing labor productivity in agriculture as the basis of the country's economy), and significantly increasing the standard of living of the population. The main goal of development, the speaker emphasized, J. Nyerere considered it to improve the life of the people, to ensure the free development of the individual.

However, many provisions of the Arusha Declaration, as well as other important documents, have not been implemented. It is based on a critical analysis of the legacy of J. R. R. Tolkien. Adolf Mkenda (University of Dar es Salaam) focused his speech on identifying the reasons for the failure of such noble and seemingly justified plans.

The creation of villages based on the principles of "ujamaa" presupposed the voluntary participation of peasants in joint work and adequate distribution of income. However, in practice, these norms were violated. Not being ready for new forms of farming, the peasants strongly resisted the changes declared from above, continued to lead a traditional way of life, refused to work in the collective field, and many broke with rural life and went to the cities. As a result, the main goals of the Arusha Declaration, especially its economic part, were not achieved: the cooperative movement did not develop properly, labor productivity remained low, and the standard of living of the population lagged behind the planned level.

At the same time, the speaker noted, studying the economic doctrine of J. R. R. Tolkien. Nyerere, we must consider him through the prism of his vision of the world as a whole, his worldview positions. The failure of attempts to implement Ujamaa in practice, which turned out to be premature and ill-conceived, does not detract from the theoretical significance of the Mwalimu heritage, which is based on man. It is the interests and needs of people that are central to the Nyerere concept. And he himself explained the excesses and mistakes in the activities of Tanzanian leaders primarily by neglecting the needs of the common man. The best way to pay tribute to J. R. R. Tolkien Nyerere believes that Mkenda should continue his policy of achieving social equality, educating the population in a patriotic and pan-African spirit, and developing democratic norms in all spheres of the country's life, including in the economy, the structure of which should be transparent and accessible to public control.

On the impact of J. P. Morgan's activities N. V. Gromova (MSU ISAA) and one of the leading Russian Swahili players, V. E. Ovchinnikov, shared their views on the language situation in Tanzania, and ultimately on strengthening the unity of the country. The exceptional importance of language policy in Tanzania is explained by the fact that all four autochthonous ethno-linguistic families and more than a hundred ethnic groups of Africa are represented on its territory, as a result of which the country is a special zone of linguistic convergence. Among the most widely spoken languages not only in Tanzania, but throughout Africa is Swahili, which is spoken by more than 100 million people in total. The uniqueness of the language situation in Tanzania lies in the fact that the ethno-linguistic diversity of the population not only does not prevent, but, on the contrary, contributes to the formation of Swahili as the state language of the country.

Turning to history, N. V. Gromova noted that during the colonial period Swahili remained a secondary language. Even at that time, J. R. R. Tolkien Nyerere emphasized its importance for preserving the country's national culture and identity. Realizing the importance of Swahili as an integrating factor in the struggle for independence, Nyerere constantly used it in his work.

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an advertising campaign. Thanks to this, Swahili has become associated in the minds of Africans with freedom, national culture and self-identification. After independence, Swahili was used in all areas of social communication, and in 1967 it was declared along with English as the official language of Tanzania. Mwalimu has contributed to raising the status of Swahili not only as a political figure, but also as a bright representative of culture, translating a number of Shakespeare's plays, several parts of the Gospel, and publishing his own poems. At the same time, J. Nyerere urged not to ignore other languages, including English. Understanding the importance of English as a language of international communication, knowledge of which expanded Tanzanians ' access to many world achievements of science and culture, Mwalimu opposed the complete displacement of this language from various spheres of life in the country. This also showed his internationalism, farsightedness, and breadth of views.

Interest was aroused by the speech of a Tanzanian citizen Shaban, who has lived in Russia for many years. He considers himself a" product of the ideas " of J. Nyerere, because it was thanks to his policy that he received a free education, an interesting job, an opportunity to develop, and openly express his views. Polemicizing with critics of Nyerere's teaching, he noted that Nyerere's achievements are much more important than his mistakes. While many provisions of the heritage of John. Nyerere is still relevant today, and not only for Tanzania, but also for other countries of the world, including Russia.

Summing up the discussion, Zav. The Center for the Study of Tropical Africa Yu. N. Vinokurov and the leading researcher of the Institute N. D. Kosukhin noted its relevance and high scientific level. They once again stressed the importance of studying the legacy of J. R. R. Tolkien. Nyerere, a humanist, politician, thinker, whose significant contribution to the history of the continent, to the theory and practice of independent development of African countries has yet to be comprehended.

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