Byzantism/Byzantinism as a cultural and historical phenomenon: imperial code and its heritage Byzantism (or Byzantinism) is a complex historiosophical and cultural concept denoting the sum of principles, ideas, and practices inherited from the Byzantine Empire and exerting fundamental influence on states and cultures within its sphere of influence. It is not just a reference to the past, but a living system of worldviews and political codes that continues to provoke debates about its essence and significance. The phenomenon of Byzantism can be analyzed through several interrelated dimensions. 1. Essential characteristics of the Byzantine model Byzantism as an imperial synthesis was formed at the intersection of three foundations: Roman state tradition (empire): Universalism, absolute power of the basileus (emperor) as the supreme lawgiver and judge, a complex bureaucratic hierarchy. Hellenistic culture and language: Greek as the language of the elite, philosophy, literature, and theology, preserving ancient enlightenment. Orthodox Christianity: Religion as the cornerstone of identity and legitimation of power. The church and the state were thought of as a single organism — a “symphony of powers,” where the emperor was responsible for earthly well-being, and the patriarch for spiritual salvation. Key principles stemming from this synthesis: Sacralization of power: The emperor — not just a ruler, but a “living law” (nomos empsychos) and earthly representative of God. His power is sanctified by the Church through coronation and anointing. This gave rise to the idea of “Moscow — the Third Rome” in Russia, where Moscow tsars inherited the Byzantine sacred mission. Hierarchism and ceremony: Society and the state were perceived as a reflection of the heavenly hierarchy. A complex, meticulously regulated court ceremony (Byzantine etiquette) was not just a convention, but a language of power demonstrating its immutability and divine order. Eschatological univer ... Read more