Dance in Christianity: Between Rejection, Mysticism, and Liturgical Gesture Introduction: Ambivalence of Attitude The position of Christianity towards dance has historically been complex and ambiguous. It has formed in dialogue and conflict with pagan practices, under the influence of anthropology (evaluation of the body) and theological doctrines. As a result, there is no single "Christian position"; rather, it is possible to speak of a spectrum of relationships — from complete rejection as a sinful practice to inclusion in liturgical life as a form of mystical prayer. This spectrum depends on the era, confession, cultural context, and specific tradition. Historical Roots: Early Christian Polemics and Synthesis The early Church (I–IV centuries) existed in the midst of Hellenistic and Middle Eastern culture, where dance was part of religious mysteries (for example, in the cults of Dionysus, Cybele), folk festivals, and Roman spectacles. The Fathers of the Church (Tertullian, John Chrysostom, Augustine) sharply criticized these forms, seeing in them: Manifestation of paganism and idolatry. Stimulation of sensuality and lust through the demonstration of the body. Connection with an amoral context of feasts and theatrical performances. However, already in this period, traces of another attitude can be found. The Gospels contain a metaphorical mention of dance (the parable of the prodigal son: "...they killed the fattened calf... and began to celebrate" — Luke 15:23-24, where "celebrate" in Greek may imply dancing). Also, there is an early Christian legend about dancing Jesus in the apocryphal "Acts of John" (2nd century), where Christ, surrounded by his disciples, leads a circle dance before the Last Supper, explaining the mysteries of faith through movements. Confessional Differences 1. Orthodoxy: liturgical gesture and folk traditionIn the Byzantine and Orthodox tradition, dance as a separate action in worship is absent. However, worship is understood as "dancing bef ... Read more