Climatic migration: a global challenge at the intersection of ecology, rights, and human rights Introduction: a new class of migrants in the anthropocene era Climatic migration is the movement of people forced to leave their places of permanent residence primarily or exclusively due to sudden or gradual changes in the environment related to climatic factors. It is not a homogeneous phenomenon, but a spectrum of situations: from temporary resettlement due to flooding to irreversible departure from territories becoming uninhabitable. Climate migrants (the term "climate-displaced persons" is often used) represent a new challenge for international law, as they do not fall under the classic definitions of "refugee" under the 1951 Geneva Convention, creating a legal vacuum and a threat to the violation of their human rights. Driving forces: from slow changes to sudden catastrophes Climatic migration is caused by a complex set of interrelated factors, which can be conditionally divided into two categories: Slow-onset events: Rising sea level: Threatens the complete disappearance of small island states (Tuvalu, Kiribati, Maldives) and coastal megacities. A rise of 1 meter could make territories inhabited by 145 million people uninhabitable. Desertification and land degradation: The loss of fertile soils and sources of fresh water undermines agriculture and leads to "migrations of despair." The Sahel region in Africa is a classic example. Droughts and water scarcity: Prolonged droughts, such as the "Thousand-Year Drought" in the southwestern United States or in the Mekong River basin, make entire regions unsustainable. Rapid-onset extreme events: Increased frequency and intensity of hurricanes, cyclones, floods. For example, Cyclone "Idai" (Mozambique, 2019) forced hundreds of thousands of people to relocate. Catastrophic forest fires, such as the "Black Summer" in Australia (2019-2020), destroying entire settlements. An important nuance: The climatic factor rarely acts in i ... Read more