Foreign researchers-Africanists have made a great contribution to the formulation and study of the family problem in Africa. This topic is of a global nature, and the African continent is an extensive research area for specialists in many scientific disciplines, since there are many forms of marriage and family relationships that are characteristic of both capitalist and more ancient socio-social structures.

Currently, in the era of globalization, the family as the main traditional social institution of any society is affected by various changes in the political and socio-economic development of the modern world.

In Western European historiography, the prevailing view is that in the era of global processes, the institution of the family in Africa is also inevitably affected by all major development trends. These include, first of all, the following: all regions of the world are involved in interaction, international markets for goods and services are radically intertwined and interdependent, the latest technologies are rapidly spreading from more developed to less developed regions of the world, financial flows are transferred in fractions of a second, economic policy directions of various countries are increasingly connected with each other, political models and structures they spread mainly from Western European and North American countries to other continents, the legal systems of various countries clash and actively interact with each other, religious confrontation often escalates in the world, various civilizational and cultural structures borrow various elements from each other and melt them into a certain socio-cultural synthesis or symbiosis, traditional families and gender behavior stereotypes they are destroyed and transformed as a result of external influences, etc. In general, globalization proceeds in many directions and in various channels-economic, social, political, civilizational, cultural, cognitive, and many others [African Families..., 2006, p. 9-10].

The African family was first studied at the beginning of the twentieth century by European ethnologists and anthropologists, who, in accordance with the methodology of their research based on field material, began to live among African communities [Cousturier, 1925, Savineau, 1938; Wagner, 1939; Schapera, 1941; African Systems..., 1950; Mair, 1969 etc.]. According to African researchers, their scientific approach and methodological concepts were complicated by the demand of the colonial administration to use the first European ethnologists and anthropologists as their advisers for more effective enslavement and enslavement of the local peoples they studied [Adegboyega, Ntozi, Ssekamatte-Ssebuliba, 1997, p. 26]. In addition to the fact that the first studies were exclusively ethnographic in nature, many of them were distinguished, in the words of Max Weber, by the lack of"scientific objectivity and neutrality."

The next stage of family studies in Africa began in the 1950s at a new level of research by European scientists who were more independent of socio-political orders, as well as by some African researchers [Beattie, 1964; Fax, 1977; The

Inna G. RYBALKINA-Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher at the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences. E-mail: vrybalkin@mail.ru.

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Sociology..., 1984]. This more thoughtful, reasoned and modernized scientific approach recognized the value of local family institutions and the need for their harmonious integration into existing European and global stereotypes. Then, along with historians, anthropologists and ethnologists, other Western European and American researchers and specialists joined the family problem.

The works of demographers are currently the most significant and popular among both administrative and political structures and the world scientific community. Demographic research and statistics used to study family problems include information on the following categories:: indicators of fertility and mortality; patterns of marriage and forms of marriage-family relations; components of the household or family; characteristics of the head of the household or family; educational level, as well as its impact on trends in the age of marriage or divorce, and much more.

One of the most important demographic categories of research remains the level of education and its impact on the age of marriage or divorce initiation. Improving the economic conditions of the family generally plays a positive role in reducing illiteracy, especially among women. Increasing the level of women's education contributes to a better performance of the role of wife and mother in the family, which is reflected in the methods of raising children, and in her ability to build relationships with them and understand their problems.

A major role in the study of this problem belongs to Western, primarily French, British, American, Australian, as well as African scientists T. Loco, K. Cochrie-Vidrovich, J.-P. Dawson, M. Dasher, P. Vimar, F. Antoine, M. Pilon, V. Ertrish, K. Oppong, E. Evans-Pritchard, L. Kropotkin, and others. P. Mair, G. Wagner, E. Boserup, A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, D. Cordell, J. and P. Caldwell, S. E. Findlay, J. Goody, P. L. Kilbride, R. J. Lestegu, G. J. Page, A. B. Diop, A. Armstrong, A. Adepoju, W. Isiugo-Abanike, S. Coulibaly, W. Mbugua, J. S. Mbiti, A. B. Ocholla-Eyeyo, K. Obbo, J.. Uch and many others. A significant contribution to the social demography of the African family is made by Canadian scientists R. R. Tolkien. Marku, A. Calves, N. Mondeyn and others, often working in collaboration with Western European and American colleagues. The topic of African marital relations is studied by scientists from Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Sweden and other countries.

Although the lack of reliable and reliable information, especially demographic statistics, is still significant when studying the problems of the African family, the situation is gradually changing. Much has been achieved by foreign African studies in studying these subjects, even using the limited demographic and statistical data and tools that exist in many countries of the continent.

Methods for studying the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the problem and similar data are not isolated from each other and do not compete with each other. There are quite a few scientific topics that are most effectively studied with the help of quantitative information, and others - through qualitative analysis. Individual problems can be considered when using both qualitative and quantitative methods equally, since one complements the other. However, there are few research projects in modern Africa where these techniques complement each other in the development of individual stories. However, only this complementary approach is considered by African scientists to be the best approach for further research in the region [Adegboyega et al., 1997, p. 40].

In French historiography, according to the unanimous recognition of fellow Africanists, the key role in the study of the African family belongs to Teresa Loco (see: Rybalkina, 2014). According to T. Loko, conceptually the most significant ideological and theoretical work on the problems of the African family is still an article by Jean-Pierre Dozon, a prominent French anthropologist, deputy director of the House of Human Sciences (Paris), professor at the Higher School for the Study of Social Sciences and the Institute for Development Research, published in the generalizing academic two-volume work " History families", devoted to the study of this problem on all continents of the globe [Dozon, 1986]. J.-P. Dozon summarizes and analyzes the conclusions and data of French and foreign African studies of the XX century.

An outstanding representative of French scientific thought, who in the last third of the XX-beginning of the XXI century devoted her life and work to the study of the gender aspect in history

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Of the African continent, is Katrin Kokri-Vidrovich. Various gender themes and acute problems of the African family in historical retrospect are discussed in her numerous monographs devoted to the position and role of African women in the history of the continent [Coquery-Vidrovitch, 1978; Coquery-Vidrovitch, 1987; Coquery-Vidrovitch, 1994; Coquery-Vidrovitch, 1997; Coquery-Vidrovitch, 1999; Coquery-Vidrovitch, 2014 etc.].

Philippe Antoine, a leading researcher at the Institute for Development Studies, has written extensively on the specifics of marriage and family relations in Africa. His main research interests include family problems in Africa, intergenerational relations, the current evolution of marriage and family relationships, and problems of the elderly [Antoine and Beguy, 2014]. His research interests are extensive in sub-Saharan Africa, where he has worked for decades, and primarily in Senegal, Benin, Togo, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, and Mali.

This topic was also explored by French demographer Marc Pilon, a leading researcher at the Institute for Development Research, who devoted his work to studying the transformation of family structures and their evolution in the modern world.

M. Pilon, in collaboration with K. Wignikin, has been studying the problems of the African family for many years. In one of their most recent works, "Household and Family in Sub-Saharan Africa", they emphasize that the study of the African family is impossible without reference to the research of ethnologists, anthropologists, economists, sociologists, historians, and specialists in many other social sciences [Pilon and Vignikin, 2006, p. 7, 103]. For both now and in historical retrospect, the evolution of African society, the household, and marital relations is influenced by a variety of factors. For more than a century, they have been exposed to the processes of colonization, urbanization, monetarization, the development of wage labor, the creation of new independent states, a new legal and legislative framework, the coverage of children in primary school education, a decrease in mortality, the economic crisis of the 1980s, which resulted in the current decline in living standards, an increase in the number of military conflicts, and the spread of the HIV epidemic/AIDS, various aspects of globalization, and other shock methods of "modernization" [ibid., p. 105]. According to the authors, it is also important to study the evolution of intra-family relationships - between generations (in particular, child-parent relationships, between older and younger family members) and intra-family individualized relationships (between husband and wife, husband's sisters and wife, etc.) [ibid, p.106]. Subsequently, M. Pilon studied the issues of education as one of the most important factors influencing the demographic situation, including in the aspect of marriage and family relations, for example, in matters of birth planning [Pilon, 2003; Pilon, 2007; Pilon, 2014(1); Pilon, 2014(2)].

A student of Teresa Loco, a leading researcher at one of the most important and authoritative French research centers for social sciences, the Institute for Demographic Research, Veronique Ertrish devoted her research activities to the study of the African family. Her doctoral dissertation, published in 1996, examines trends in the transformation of rural families in Mali (Hertrich, 1996). Currently, her research interests include issues of gender and family-marriage relations, dynamics of household structure in rural Africa, youth migration and transition to adulthood, as well as many other topics related to the methodology and research of various family problems mainly in West Africa [Hertrich, 2013; Hertrich, Leslingand, 2013; Hertrich, 2014; Hertrich and Lardoux, 2014].

Kamel Kateb, a leading researcher at the Institute for Demographic Research, has spent many decades studying migration, school education, gender issues and marital relations, both during the colonial era and at the present time, mainly in Algeria. His numerous works reflect aspects of historical demography and the latest modern demographic data and development trends [Kateb, 2011; Kateb, 2013; Kateb, 2014].

Agnes Ajamagbo, who has spent many years working on social demography at the Institute for Development Research and the University of Provence in Marseille, is interested in gender issues on the African continent, aspects and features of family and marriage relations, and other similar topics. She explores this issue within the framework of a multidisciplinary program that provides demographic, sociological, economic, and anthropological approaches to the complex study of diverse families-

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new marriage forms and patterns that are common in African cities. Special attention is paid to the forms of marriage, labor activity, fertility statistics, birth planning, resource accumulation, and financial costs [Adjamagbo, 2010; Adjamagbo, 2012; Adjamagbo, 2013]. Special attention is paid to the problems of social relations - between generations, men and women, as well as between representatives of various socio-cultural groups of the population. In recent years, Ajamagbo has been conducting research on the declining birth rate on the continent, mainly in four African cities - Accra (Ghana), Dakar (Senegal), Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and Rabat (Morocco).

Sylvie Lambert, who is actively involved in gender issues and the evolution of the African family, mainly examines the situation of African children, in particular foster care, the transformation of family structures, child labor and its socio-economic consequences, migration and its impact on economic development, and other similar topics on the example of the West African region, especially Senegal [Lambert, 2008; Dumas and Lambert, 2008; De Vreyer and Lambert, 2013; Lambert et al. 2015].

Valerie Delaunay, a researcher at the Marseille branch of the Institute for Development Research and the University of Aix-Marseille, studies the problems of African children, specific causes of infant and child mortality, premarital and extramarital pregnancies, identifying ways and opportunities to reduce child mortality in Africa, and other topics related to social aspects of medicine, in particular deaths from non-communicable and infectious diseases such as HIV/HIV / AIDS, pregnancy-related mortality, and the gender dimensions of the school system [Adjamagbo, Delaunay, and Mondain, 2009; Delaunay et al., 2013; Delaunay et al., 2014; Delaunay et al., 2015]. Among the French Africanists who deal with this problem, we should mention the names of P. Vimard, A. Guillaume, C. Lacoste-Dujardin, L. Addy, Z. Ouadda-Bedidi, M. Oge, M. Muwaga-Sow.

Along with French Africanists, representatives of British scientific thought made a great contribution to the development of the problem. The prominent English anthropologist Alfred Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955), the founder (together with Bronislaw Malinowski) of modern social anthropology and structural functionalism, justified his theoretical research with rich field material collected in Western Australia and South Africa. [Radcliffe-Brown, 1940; Radcliffe-Brown, 1952; Radcliffe-Brown, 1957].

Outstanding British anthropologist and sociologist Jack Goody (1919-2015) - a graduate of Cambridge University. His studies were interrupted by the Second World War. He fought in North Africa, was captured, and spent three years in German prison camps. After the war, he graduated from the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, studying the Gonja people in northern Ghana. He then moved on to comparative studies, interdisciplinary communication studies, and philosophy of science. Goody's main research interests are the anthropology of family and kinship systems, mainly based on the example of Africa, comparative studies of various written cultures, interdisciplinary communication studies, and many other topics [Goody, 1973; Goody, 1976; Goody, 1996; Goody, 2010].

Christina Oppong is a British anthropologist who holds a PhD in social anthropology from the University of Cambridge, worked for the Institute of African Studies in Ghana for more than a quarter of a century, and was an anthropologist-adviser on gender and development policy at the International Labour Organization in Geneva. Her research interests include ethnography of changing gender roles and relationships, marriage among the matrilineal peoples of Ghana, child health protection in the period of globalization on the example of Ghana, and other gender issues [Oppong, 1982; Oppong, Abu, 1987; Sex and Gender..., 2006; Oppong, 2008, Oppong, 2013].

The main research interests of the British Africanist Sarah Randall are anthropological demography, marital relations and reproductive behavior, migration and demographic transformation in West Africa, and other subjects [Randall and Giuffrida, 2005; Randall et al., 2011; Randall and Coast, 2014]. She completed her PhD in Anthropology and demography at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, investigating demographic changes in rural Mali. Subsequently, her research interests included demographic aspects of family and marriage relations, fertility and fertility issues in Senegal, Burkina Faso, Botswana, and Uganda [Randall et al., 2003; Randall et al., 2012].

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Along with French, British African studies is one of the oldest in the world. English scientists have made a great contribution to the world of African studies, conducting empirical research, collecting rich field materials, accumulating numerous statistical and other basic data, summarizing and analyzing the experience of colleagues and scientists from other countries, creating and developing new theoretical, conceptual and methodological provisions and ideas. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, J. A. Barnes, O. I. Richards, J. K. Mitchell, E. Colson, R. L. Kozer, I. Schapera, L. P. Mair, A. Phillips, D. L. Hodgson, S. A. McCurdy, N. V. Bell, and E. A. McCarthy worked on the problems of African marital relations. Vogel et al.

Despite the fact that American African studies are much younger than English and French, their contribution to the study of the African continent is very significant. US scientists actively research both retrospective topics and contemporary problems in Africa, including issues of family and marriage relations, relying mainly on the richest field research material.

American African studies Family problems in Africa is represented by a number of well-known scholars. Caroline Bledsoe, a graduate of Stanford University who studies sociocultural anthropology, studies various issues of kinship and marital relations on the African continent, in particular, fertility, contraception, foster children, etc. [Bledsoe, 2002; Bledsoe, 2005; Bledsoe, Houle, Sow, 2005]. In her most significant work on the Gambia, she criticizes Western views on the temporal course of human life and its aging, which depends on the number of years lived. She shares the views of the peoples of West Africa, according to which age is not determined by calendar years, but depends on the cumulative effect of all the life events experienced, which is especially relevant primarily for African women, who are forced, in particular, to constantly face injuries during childbirth. This approach to determining the age of a person later found support among Western doctors dealing with the problems of obstetrics and obstetric care, in particular, the famous Chicago scientist J. B. De Lee. Within the framework of the project dedicated to studying "transnational vital events - birth, marriage, legislation and migration of families from Africa to Europe", K. Bledsoe examines the dramatic changes in the ability to cross international borders and the legal right to live and work in Europe [Bledsoe, 2006].

Jennifer Johnson-Hanke, an American Africanist, ethnographer and anthropologist, began her research in collaboration with K. Bledsoe. It mainly studies the features of the modern African family, trends in changes in the birth rate and marriage rates, individual cultural issues related to the evolution of family and marriage relations, and other similar subjects.

In her book exploring the transition to motherhood among educated young women in southern Cameroon (Johnson-Hanks, 2006), J. Johnson-Hanks states that some young Cameroonian women are increasingly delaying having a child in order to get further education and improve their material and economic situation. In another paper, she explores the relationship between social demography and social theory [Johnson-Hanks, 2011]. In her opinion, based on theoretical considerations, issues of fertility and family behavior can be better studied and understood if they are considered not as actions of individuals, but in the structural context of traditionalist societies. Currently, Johnson-Hanke is interested in the correlation between qualitative and quantitative analysis of statistical and demographic data and the possibility of applying mathematical research methods in various social sciences.

Dr. Sangeeta Madhavan, an Indian-born American sociologist and associate professor at the University of Maryland, teaches the course "Sociology of the Family" and deals with a wide range of issues related to family-marriage and child-parent relations on the African continent. They include research on family and household transformation processes, parent-child relationships, parenting and child care issues, growing up processes, and other topics in sub-Saharan Africa. It is currently developing two themes: fatherhood among low-income Africans in urban South Africa and social adaptation and child welfare in rural South Africa. She recently started developing a theme on single mothers and the social welfare of their children in urban areas in Kenya.

S. Madhavan is the author of numerous articles on this issue in leading American scientific journals and international scientific periodicals [Madhavan and Bledsoe, 2001;

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Madhavan, 2002; Madhavan, Adams, and Simon, 2003; Madhavan, 2010; Madhavan et al., 2012], as well as in collective academic monographs [Madhavan et al., 2005]. American researchers K. A. Presley, K. Sargent, M. Wright, B. N. Adams, K. Ittman, G. Maddox, J. W. Gregory, D. Singerman and others also devoted their works to this topic.

The foundations of the gender approach in world science to the study of the role of women in the socio-economic development of society were laid by the outstanding Danish economist Esther Boserup (1910-1999), who studied trends in the development of the world economy and agriculture [Boserup, 1965; Boserup, 1979; Boserup, 1985]. She highly appreciated the current and potential role of women in developing countries and family farming in the further transformation of the agricultural sector in the Third world and always stressed the need to improve the educational level of women in order to accelerate the socio-economic development of their countries. Thanks to the outstanding academic work of E. Boserup, as well as her enormous public work, the United Nations, with her direct influence, declared the Decade of Women from 1975 to 1985. In her books, Boserup critically reinterpreted Malthusian theories and argued that population growth and density would not cause starvation of the "surplus population", but would lead to an intensification of agriculture - a variety of changes in technology, innovations, new types of soil fertilizers, etc. Although Boserup's research was based on examples from developing countries, including the interdependence of the economic and demographic development of Africa, her work has influenced the transformation of gender approaches in scientific, social, socio-economic, political and other areas of development of States around the world.

Ron Lesteg is a prominent Belgian scientist, Professor Emeritus at the University of Brussels and a graduate of the University of Ghent. In the mid-1980s, together with the Dutch demographer D. Van de Kaa, he formulated and introduced the concept of the second demographic transition (first of all, a long-term trend towards a further decline in the birth rate). His interests include a variety of demographic fields, including historical, social, and economic. R. Lesthaeghe focuses his research on comparative studies of European and African family-marriage relations, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa (Lesthaeghe et al., 2010). Currently, he is studying the main dramatic processes of the second demographic transition, which are influenced by the evolution of the family, the emergence of its new forms and changes in the organization of its life activity [Lesthaeghe, 2010].

Initially, signs of a second demographic transition began to show up in the 1950s in Scandinavia - an increase in the number of divorces according to the paradoxical logic of "a good divorce is better than a bad marriage" and a subsequent decline in the birth rate. Subsequently, premarital cohabitation began to increase. By the 1980s, the birth rate in informal marriages gradually increased, spreading from Scandinavia to Western Europe, and in the twenty-first century, some elements of the second demographic transition have already affected the rest of the world. In the twenty-first century, in England and France, 40% of children are born out of wedlock; in the 1960s, this figure was 6% [Hakobyan, 2008]. Simultaneously with the disunity of the processes of marriage and childbearing, there are tendencies to delay parenthood and the birth of a child. The number of single mothers and single-person households of all ages, both men and women, is increasing. Personal freedom of choice is increasingly being asserted. There is a growing trend towards late marriage, which is sometimes replaced by long-term cohabitation with an increase in the birth rate outside of marriage. And the number of such life scenarios is increasing. Not only do some parts of Southern Europe (Italy, Spain, Portugal), Central and Eastern Europe follow Western European trends, but certain elements of the second demographic transition are also observed on other continents, including Africa. The most developed East Asian countries, the" Asian tigers " South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan are currently showing all the signs of a second demographic transition, except for an increase in extra-marital childbearing.

These processes are irreversible due to changes in a large number of parameters of modern everyday life and correspond to the direction of the global modernization process. In turn, the low birth rate leads to a change in the policy regarding foreign migration, which includes both economic and sociological arguments, taking into account cultural factors when considering exogenous influences. Happens

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further numerical growth of "multicultural societies". Thus, the population of England and Wales grew by 4.1 % between 2001 and 2009, while the number of immigrants from Tropical Africa increased by 61.4%; while in the fourth quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate among white Britons was 7.1%, among immigrants from Tropical Africa-18.1% [Klupt, 2014]. According to demographers, the current and future population distribution between the world's largest regions is shifting towards Asia and Africa. In particular, Nigeria, along with China, India, and Indonesia, currently accounts for just under half of the world's population.

As a result of many years of research, R. Lesthaeghe comes to the conclusion that on the African continent, the main sociodemographic changes occur today, in addition to the North African region, in the countries of Eastern and Southern Africa1, in contrast to Western or Central Africa, where changes are hardly noticeable, since they have only recently begun or are absent [Lesthaeghe, 2014].

It is likely that the general trends of demographic evolution in various combined variants or hybrid forms may eventually become universal for all regions of the world. Under the influence of migration and integration processes, as well as globalization and other socio-economic manifestations of the current stage of development, various forms of family and marriage relations may arise, both the preservation of traditional ones and the emergence of special hybrid phenomena and new derivatives of socio-economic evolution. These tendencies towards a certain universalism in development can be traced in the works of foreign Africanists on a large amount of empirical and scientific-theoretical material that helps to understand the main directions of transformation of family and marriage forms and relationships in the long-term historical perspective.

In general, modern scientists are characterized by new approaches, methods and methodology in the study of family problems. If in the early 1980s there was an increase in attention to the family lifestyle, emotional relations of spouses, conflicts, distribution of responsibilities, relations with relatives, etc., then at the end of the XX century, the following processes were born in the study of the family topic. The complexity of empirical and theoretical research has increased, the scope of an interdisciplinary approach has expanded, the interpenetration of various fields and sciences has increased, as a result, it has become possible to talk not only about narrow-field disciplines, for example, sociology or family psychology, but also about a new complex science called familistics. Currently, the emphasis of research has shifted significantly towards the recently emerged direction - gender studies, which are a global movement and meet the objective socio-cultural and socio-economic conditions of our time.

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